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2023高考北京卷C篇-题源 难度分析 答案解析 词汇积累 长难句分析 全文翻译

诺哈网2023-08-26 08:06:410

C

In recent years,researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short﹣termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.The inability to engage with longer﹣term causes and consequences leads to some of the world's most serious problems:climate change,biodiversity collapse,and more.The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where 'only the present exists,a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now'.

It has been proved that people have a bias(偏向) towards the present,focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health,well﹣being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business,this bias surfaces as short﹣sighted decisions.And on slow﹣burning problems like climate change,it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices(牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead,all that matters is next quarter's profit,or satisfying some other near﹣term desires.

These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause.It is fair to say,though,that our psychological biases play a major role.People's hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example,but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future.For instance,you might hear someone say:'It's cold this winter,so I needn't worry about global warming.' Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance,making people ignore longer﹣term trends that arguably matter more.This is when a pop star draws far more attention than,say,gradual biodiversity decline.

As a psychologist once joked,if aliens(外星人)wanted to weaken humanity,they wouldn't send ships;they would invent climate change.Indeed,when it comes to environmental transformations,we can develop a form of collective 'poor memory',and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary.Older people today,for example,can remember a time with insect﹣covered car windscreens after long drives.Children,on the other hand,have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically.

28.The author quotes Francis Cole mainly toA.draw a comparison

B.introduce a topicC. evaluate a statement

D.highlight a problem29.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A. Climate change has been forgotten.

B.Lessons of history are highly valued.C.The human mind is bad at noting slow change.D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings.30.What does the author intend to tell us?A.Far-sighted thinking matters to humans.B.Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices.C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making.D.Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires.

【语篇导读】这篇文章是一篇科普说明文,深度探讨了短视思维对现代工业社会造成的严重问题,尤其是环境问题。由于过度关注当下利益和瞬间满足,人们往往忽视长期影响和未来健康,如气候变化等慢性问题。文章进一步指出,这种偏见视角源于我们的心理偏见。举例来说,许多人只会关注当前最直接、最紧急的问题,而忽视了更重要的长期趋势,如生物多样性的逐渐衰退。为了对抗这种短视现象,我们需要调整思维模式,更关注长远的未来。【难度分析】

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【重点词汇】

单词词性发音中文释义

short-termismnoun/ˌʃɔːt ˈtɜːmɪzəm/短期主义

industrialisedadjective/ɪnˈdʌstrialɪzd/已工业化的

engage withverb phrase/ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ wɪð/处理,参与

biodiversitynoun/ˌbaɪoʊdaɪˈvɜːrsɪti/生物多样性

boredomnoun/ˈbɔːrdəm/无聊,厌烦

biasnoun/ˈbaɪəs/偏向,偏见

short-sightedadjective/ʃɔːrt ˈsaɪtɪd/目光短浅的

sacrificenoun/ˈsækrɪfaɪs/牺牲

hesitancynoun/ˈhezɪtənsi/犹豫,踌躇

accessibleadjective/əkˈsesəbl/可获取的,可达到的

gradualadjective/ˈgrædʒʊəl/逐步的,渐进的

transformationnoun/ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃənz/变化,转化

consequencenoun/ˈkɒnsɪkwənsɪz/后果characterisedverb/ˈkærəktəraɪzd/表示...的特征surfaceverb/ˈsɜːrfɪs/显露,显现reluctancenoun/rɪˈlʌktəns/不愿意,勉强psychological biasesnoun phrase/ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkəl ˈbaɪəsɪz/心理偏见arguablyadverb/ˈɑːrgjuːəbli/可以说,可能地trendnoun/trɛndz/趋势transformationnoun/ˌtrænsfɔːrˈmeɪʃən/转变,变化collectiveadjective/kəˈlɛktɪv/集体的,共同的encounterverb/ɪnˈkaʊntər/遭遇,遇到

【长难句分析】1

It has been proved that people have a bias(偏向) towards the present,focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health,well﹣being and financial stability of their future selves or community.【分析】It作为形式主语,真正的主语为that引导的主语从句。“towards the present”作“a bias”的后置定语。“at the expense of the health”, “well-bing”,“financial stability of their future selves or community”为并列成份,做of的宾语。【译文】已经证明,人们对现在有一种偏向,专注于当下的吵闹的吸引力,而忽视了他们未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。2 Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance,making people ignore longer﹣term trends that arguably matter more.【分析】“making people ignore longer﹣term trends that arguably matter more” 为现在分词短语做目的状语,表示自然而然的结果。“that arguably matter more”为嵌套的定语从句,修饰先行词“trends”。【译文】另一个是大声疾呼和紧急事务被赋予了过多的重要性,使人们忽视了可能更重要的长期趋势。3

Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective 'poor memory', and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary.【分析】“when it comes to environmental transformations” 为when引导的时间状语从句。连词and连接前后两个完整的句子。“they encounter”为省略了关系代词that/which的定语从句,修饰先行词“the state of affairs”。【译文】的确,当涉及到环境变化时,我们可以发展出一种集体的“记忆不良”,每一代新的人都可以相信他们遇到的事情并不出乎寻常。

【答案解析】【28题详解】 主旨大意题。作者引用Francis Cole的观点,是为了强调目前的问题,即短期主义在工业化社会中成为一个重大问题。这一点可以从文章第一段的内容看出:“近年来,来自不同领域的研究人员已经达成共识,即短期主义现在已经成为工业化社会的一个重要问题。”因此,答案是D。【29题详解】 推理判断题。从最后一段的内容中可以推断,人的记忆对慢速变化的环境不敏感。这一点可以从原文的这句话看出:“的确,当涉及到环境变化时,我们可以形成一种集体的'记忆贫瘠’,每一代新人都可能相信他们所遇到的事态是平常之事。”因此,答案是C。【30题详解】 主旨大意题。作者的主要意图是告诉我们,远见的思考对人类很重要。这一点可以从文章的多个部分看出,比如说,人们倾向于关注当前的问题,而忽视了可能对未来产生重大影响的长期问题。这一点可以从原文的这句话看出:“人们倾向于关注当下的响亮的吸引力,而牺牲了他们未来的健康、福祉和财务稳定。”因此,答案是A。

【全文翻譯】

近年来,来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为,短视主义已经成为工业化社会的一个重大问题。无法关注长期原因和后果导致了世界上一些最严重的问题:气候变化,生物多样性崩溃等等。历史学家弗朗西斯·科尔认为,西方已经进入一个“只有现在存在的时期,这个时期的特点是瞬间的残酷和无尽的现在的无聊”。

已经证明,人们对现在有一种偏向,专注于当下的吵闹的吸引力,而忽视了他们未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。在商业中,这种偏见表现为短视的决策。对于像气候变化这样的慢燃问题,它转化为不愿意今天做出小的牺牲,而这可能会在明天产生重大的影响。相反,唯一重要的是下个季度的利润,或者满足其他近期的欲望。

这些偏见的观点不能归咎于一个单一的原因。然而,可以公正地说,我们的心理偏见起着重要的作用。人们不愿意延迟满足的犹豫不决是最明显的例子,但还有其他的。其中一个是关于现在最容易获取的信息如何影响对未来的决策。例如,你可能会听到有人说:'今年冬天很冷,所以我不需要担心全球变暖。'另一个是大声疾呼和紧急事务被赋予了过多的重要性,使人们忽视了可能更重要的长期趋势。这就是当一个流行歌星比如说,逐渐的生物多样性衰退,吸引了更多的注意力。

正如一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说,如果外星人想要削弱人类,他们不会派遣飞船;他们会发明气候变化。的确,当涉及到环境变化时,我们可以发展出一种集体的“记忆不良”,每一代新的人都可以相信他们遇到的事情并不出乎寻常。例如,今天的老年人可以记得长途驾驶后汽车挡风玻璃上覆盖着昆虫的时代。另一方面,孩子们并不知道昆虫种群已经大幅度下降。

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